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Korean industrial zone in spotlight amid tension
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Korean industrial zone in spotlight amid tension
By KELLY OLSEN,AP Business Writer AP - Wednesday, November 26
KAESONG, North Korea - About 35,000 North Korean workers make clothes, shoes, watches and other light goods at a sprawling, modern industrial park just across the border from South Korea.
The ambitious Kaesong Industrial Complex, which mixes South Korean expertise with cheap North Korean labor, has been the biggest venture to come out of a decade-long process of detente between the two Koreas. Symbolically, it represents growing economic ties between the communist North and capitalist South.
But this week, North Korea appeared to scale back its commitment to economic cooperation by saying it would suspend a tourism project to the city of Kaesong, stop largely symbolic cross border cargo train service and expel some South Koreans from the industrial complex beginning Dec. 1.
The industrial zone, at least for now, will keep operating, though it is unclear what ultimate impact the expulsions will have on the 88 mostly South Korean companies based there.
Experts say the latest moves are meant to pressure conservative South Korean President Lee Myung-bak to take a softer political stance toward North Korea. The two countries have vied for control of their shared peninsula for over 60 years.
While the most recent flare-up could escalate and even lead to the complex being shut down, experts say that's unlikely for now due to at least a couple of reasons.
Kaesong is the only place North Koreans can experience capitalist ways on such a large scale. It also earns foreign currency that North Korea _ with an economy about 2.6 percent the size of South Korea's _ sorely needs.
"North Korea really wants to keep operating Kaesong Industrial Complex," said Lim Eul-chul, a North Korea expert and professor at South Korea's Kyungnam University. "They just started to get some confidence in operating a special economic zone."
Kaesong was born out of the goodwill that arose following a dramatic summit in 2000 between the leaders of the divided Koreas, a meeting that helped reduce _ though not erase _ decades of distrust following the 1950-53 Korean War.
For North Korea, the complex is also part of a sporadic experimentation with limited economic reforms aimed at improving livelihoods after its economy collapsed in the 1990s amid a devastating famine and official mismanagement.
The bus tour to Kaesong that is to be suspended takes mostly South Korean visitors past the zone on the way into the city, which has a population estimated anywhere between 140,000 to 300,000 people.
New factories are being built in the industrial complex, which started operating in late 2004, and some companies already there are expanding.
Ambitious plans call for 300,000 North Koreans to be working at Kaesong at 2,000 companies by 2020 and producing $20 billion worth of goods, according to Byun Ha-jung, a senior manager with Hyundai Asan, the South Korean company that has spearheaded business contacts with the North.
North Korea's entire estimated gross domestic product in 2007 amounted to $20.2 billion, according to South Korea's central bank.
Kaesong has spurred a boom in trade between the two sides with two-way commerce soaring to $1.8 billion last year from $425 million in 2000. Most of the products are shipped to South Korea by road, with some going on to overseas markets.
Lim of Kyungnam University said that North Korean elites have frequently visited the facility, emphasizing the positive role the project has played in exposing them to free market practices and ideas.
Still, the situation surrounding North Korean workers at Kaesong, who have little say in where they work at the zone or how they are compensated, has been a focus of criticism by human rights advocates and even the U.S. government.
North Korea chooses the workers, who receive an average salary of $73 a month, said Kang Jong-suk, an official at South Korea's Unification Ministry, which handles relations with North Korea.
Under a quirky system, South Korean companies with factories in Kaesong pay employees' wages _ in U.S. dollars _ directly to North Korea, which in turn provides compensation to the workers. That's done in North Korean currency and via a system of coupons that can be used to purchase items such as rice and cooking oil.
Since production began in December 2004, the North has received $42 million in wages for the workers since the project started, Kang said.
Jeong Hyung-gon, an expert on North Korea at the Korea Institute for International Economic Policy in Seoul, said the exposure to enterprises run on capitalist principles has a "psychological influence" on the North Koreans and enables them to experience the South Korean work ethic.
"They can learn how (to be) a company worker," he said.
When South Korea's previous president, Roh Moo-hyun, visited the Kaesong complex in October last year on his way home from the second inter-Korean summit in Pyongyang, he addressed an audience that included North Korean factory workers and officials, telling them they might someday become a company president.
"There will be many opportunities for people who work here," Roh said.
But Kaesong can also be used as a political pawn by the North, where anger with Lee, the new president, has intensified since he assumed office in February. Lee says he supports inter-Korean reconciliation but is adamant that Seoul should not coddle Pyongyang.
Despite the benefits North Korea has derived from cooperation with Seoul, economic relations remain hostage to the North's dominant ideology.
"Long live the great military first policy," read a Korean-language sign displayed along a street in Kaesong on Saturday, referring to the North's guiding principle under its strongman leader Kim Jong Il of giving priority to the country's armed forces.
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