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Factbox - Precedents for Egypt protests
Reuters - Saturday, February 5
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CAIRO - Iran's anti-Western, Islamic revolution of 1979 against the repressive, U.S.-funded Shah has been cited as a possible precedent for Egypt, where massive street protests have rocked the 30-year rule of President Hosni Mubarak.
Here is a rundown of some of the uprisings since 1979 that have buffeted or toppled governments, sometimes ending entire ruling systems:
CHINA - Tanks roll into Beijing's Tiananmen Square before dawn on June 4, 1989 to crush student and worker protests that had begun in April following the death of dismissed Communist Party leader Hu Yaobang. The Beijing city government puts the death toll at more than 200 while insisting no one died in the square itself. Independent groups estimate that hundreds, perhaps thousands, of people died.
EAST GERMANY - The Berlin Wall is breached on November 9, 1989 after months of pro-democracy demonstrations inside then-communist East Germany. On September 10, Hungary breaks ranks with its communist Warsaw Pact allies and officially opens border with Austria to East Germans, creating first chink in Iron Curtain. Thousands of East German "tourists" go West. On October 18, East German leader Erich Honecker is forced to resign "on health grounds" amid growing protests, and on November 4 half a million demonstrate for democracy in East Berlin. On November 9, Honecker's successor Egon Krenz tells party all East Germans can go to the West from the following day if they apply for an exit visa. A mix-up in communicating the decision means that, within minutes, East Berliners besiege border guard posts; by midnight hundreds of thousands breach Wall and pour into the West. Forty-five years of monolithic Communist rule end with free elections in March 1990 and East Germany vanishes in reunification with capitalist West Germany seven months later.
* PHILIPPINES - In 1983, the assassination of strongman Fredinand Marcos' arch rival Senator Benigno Aquino on the tarmac of Manila's main airport triggered public uproar that forced him to call a snap election in 1986 to gain a fresh mandate. Cheating and violence in the 1986 election resulted in the first "people power" revolt along Manila's main highway EDSA, ending Marcos' 20-year iron-fisted rule and restoring democracy in the southeast Asian country.
ROMANIA - Romanian Communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife Elena are executed by firing squad on Christmas Day, 1989 after more than two weeks of bloody street protests in which hundreds of demonstrators are shot dead. A crackdown by troops and police using automatic weapons and tanks in the western town of Timisoara is the first use of military might to crush demonstrations in Eastern Europe in 1989. A later battle for the capital Bucharest results in many more deaths. Communist rule yields to multi-party elections in the early 1990s, leading to European Union membership for Romania in 2007.
EX-YUGOSLAVIA - After a decade of ethnic wars that tore old socialist Yugoslavia apart in Europe's worst bloodshed since World War Two, Serb strongman Slobodan Milosevic is toppled after tens of thousands of opposition supporters storm parliament on Oct 5, 2000. He had refused to step down after losing controversial elections for president of Yugoslavia on September 24, but days of street protests and strikes that culminated in the storming of the parliament building in Belgrade forced him to concede defeat to Vojislav Kostunica, candidate of Serbia's pro-democracy opposition. Six months later, Milosevic is arrested for abuse of power, and then extradited to the U.N. war crimes tribunal in The Hague, where he is found dead in his cell in March 2006.
UKRAINE - Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovich resigns on New Year's Eve in 2004 after a second presidential election ballot, ordered by the Supreme Court, hands his West-leaning rival Viktor Yushchenko an eight-point lead over Yanukovich, backed by Moscow. Yanukovich initially was declared winner of a November 21 run-off ballot against Yushchenko, prompting huge street protests by his rival's supporters alleging mass fraud. The so-called "Orange Revolution" protests in Kiev's Independence Square bring the capital Kiev to a standstill.
IRAN - Thousands of protesters clash with police in June 2009 after Islamist authorities say hardline incumbent Mahmoud Ahmadinejad wins presidential election with nearly 63 percent of the vote, while his reformist challenger Mirhossein Mousavi calls the result a "dangerous charade." Seven people are killed during march by Mousavi supporters in Tehran, state media says, and protests erupt in other cities. On June 20 riot police are deployed to disperse groups of several hundred Iranians who gather across Tehran. State television says 450 people are detained during clashes in Tehran in which 10 people are killed, including Neda Agha-Soltan, whose death is seen around the world on the Internet. On August 3, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei formally approves second-term presidency of Ahmadinejad, who is sworn in on August 5 by parliament in a ceremony boycotted by reformist leaders and marred by street protests.
THAILAND - Protesters and the Thai government step back from the brink of all-out armed conflict in 2010 as both sides offer hints of compromise after deadly grenade attacks hit Bangkok's business district in April. The military-backed government of embattled Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva appoints Truth and Reconciliation Commission to look into the unrest, which peaks on May 19 when the military forcibly disperses thousands of red-shirted protesters who had occupied parts of Bangkok for 10 weeks, demanding elections.
* GEORGIA - In 2003, opposition politicians seized parliament over rigged elections in what became known as the Rose Revolution. Veteran President Eduard Shevardnadze resigned and pro-Western Mikheil Saakashvili won a presidential election.
* KYRGYZSTAN - A disputed parliamentary election in 2005 triggered violent protests which culminated in the fall of Kyrgyzstan's then president, Askar Akayev. Opposition leader Kurmanbek Bakiyev took over power but was himself overthrown in a violent revolt in 2010 and fled the country.
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